Here's what you can expect your veterinarian to do during a typical examination.
Check for significant weight change.

Examine eyes for cataracts, glaucoma or inflammation.

Examine ears for infection or discharge, check nose for signs of upper respiratory disease.

Evaluate breath and teeth, and check color and condition of gums.

Feel thyroid and lymph nodes for signs of infections or tumors.

Feel abdomen for abnormal tenderness or masses.

Assess the condition of legs, joints and spine.

Make sure coat is healthy and well-groomed, not dry, dull or brittle. Determine if nails need trimming.

Check skin for fleas and ticks, infection, tumors or other problems.

Listen for heart murmurs, irregular heartbeat and abnormal lung sounds.

Check a stool sample for internal parasites.